This article analyses the evolution of the configuration black-owned businesses in the south during almost a century. The region is divided into two sections of Lower Austria-south and southeast of the town high and consider changes before 1840, while the end of Antebellum era, and following the civil war. It uses a model of defining richness of different business groups, and then creates business professional groups, on the basis of offers from various sources, including the people of USA for Census 1850, 1860 and 1870. The article compares and contrasts with the wealth between different groups of companies blacks in the economy, and analysis in a comparative framework, Slave urban vs. rural entrepreneurship of the activity, in color or black and Mulatte as variable in the business of accountability, responsibility and black slave, there is the economy in a generation after his death in the mid-1840, Craven County capita is still recalled the remarkable career of John Carruthers Stanly, an emancipated slave , One of the richest entrepreneurs in North Carolina. Born just before the American Revolution, the son of John Wright Stanly, a dealer shippers and a white woman African-born Ibo, Stanly had received training and opened a Barber Shop, still being hung. Over time, he was emancipated by his owner, Alexandre Stewart and Lydia Carruthers (Friends of John W Stanly) to twenty, he had already acquired a reputation as a wise businessman. During the early 1800, he turned his Barber Shop two slaves confidence and began to speculate on real estate and slaves. In the late 1820, he won three cotton and plan turpentine days, several rental houses in New Bern, and about 163 slaves. Its total assets exceed $ 68,000. At one point, as a result of several erisis bank and a lot of credit, he lost most of its vast wealth, but on the culmination of his career, Stanly during the year 1828 was the one of the richest men in Craven County (1).
John Stanly’s career, of course, was very unusual. The vast majority of blacks in the early nineteenth century that the South fought to survive, much less to gain their freedom and businesses. Most were cut to eternal life in serfdom, minors, the status of Freigelassenen often discovered that they were released barely better off economically as they had always considered as slaves. In some cases, they cut the bad, at least insofar as they have had a clash with the needs. But starting in the late eighteenth century and continues during the first eight decades of the nineteenth, a growing number of blacks in the South was able to different types of businesses. They did that as slaves and emancipation, as Freigelassenen.
For many years, historians and other authors have shown an interest in the changing profile of black-owned businesses in the south. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the two W EB Du Bois and Booker T. Washington has published books on the black economy, Du Bois by his studies at the University of Washington and Atlanta with a Ghost Writer) in 1907 anekdotenhaft its volume, The Negro in Business. For years 1920, Carter G. Woodson, and his students make a substantial literature on ethics between companies negro and the rise in black ownership of the agenda during the twentieth century. Later, other scientists this period, discussed a prefatory while focusing on topics such as Negro banks, insurance and manufacturing. Recently, historians have studied the careers of South Carolina Cotton Gin producer William Ellison, on sugar pot Andrew Durnford Louisiana, Missouri and the barber and real estate speculator James Thomas, three of the biggest success of businessmen in the black South during the medium term. (2)
But we are still not yet clear vision of black activity during the twentieth century, differences between sub-regional South-Haute-term review of Delaware, Missouri) and southern low (South Carolina, Texas) and changes that occur during the time. What were the most popular among Black businesses? How and why this change throughout the nineteenth century? in different regions of the South? How much these companies was owned and managed by different groups blacksmen and women, blacks and mulattoes, urban and rural dwellers and how these reports have, over time? What has been a success in the affairs of negro? How wealth and fortune, they collect? And what we present on the values and attitudes of blacks and how to change these parameters from one generation to the next?
At the beginning of the answer to these questions, this article is to analyse changes in the configuration black-owned businesses within fifteen slaveholding (and former slaveholding) States and the District of Columbia during almost a century. This broad vision spatial and temporal needs some prefatory comment on the structure and organization. The test begins with a discussion on entrepreneurship in slaves. Although scientists first started on this subject, and some conclusions are therefore temporarily, their importance warrants inclusion. The article then moves to an examination of enterprises owned by free blacks in the south of Lower Austria from 1790 to 1840 and compare the results with data from the upper South for the same period. As in the following pages, freedom of black people very differently in the two regions and, therefore, their activities have been significantly different. The analysis of displacement, then the sharp transition period in the mid-nineteenth century-1841 to 1880-still comparing and contrasting businesses in lower and upper south. The article ends with a brief discussion on the customer and the importance of the responsibility of black Americans own affairs.
